Funeral Oration of Pericles
Delivered by Pericles at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) to honor those who had died, offering a timeless defense of Athenian democracy and civic responsibility.
Full Transcript
Most of those who have spoken here before me have praised the lawgiver who added this oration to our customs. But to me it would seem sufficient that the worth of men who have proved their valor in action should be acknowledged by action alone.
Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighbouring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favours the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if to social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit.
We are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes, and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. Wealth we use rather as opportunities for action than as subject for boasting.
Freedom is the sure possession of those alone who have the courage to defend it.
Defining Key Excerpts
"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighbouring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favours the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy."
"Freedom is the sure possession of those alone who have the courage to defend it."
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