20th Century Speeches
20th-century addresses navigating world wars, civil rights movements, ideological conflicts, and global independence.

Doing a Job (Responsibility and High Standards)
— Hyman Rickover (Admiral, United States Navy)
"Responsibility is a unique concept... You may share it with others, but your portion is not diminished."

The Common Language of Science
— Albert Einstein (Theoretical Physicist & Nobel Laureate)
"The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times."

Address at the Royal Albert Hall
— Albert Einstein (Theoretical Physicist & Nobel Laureate)
"Without freedom there is no creation, no art, no science, no philosophy, and no progress."

Penicillin (Nobel Lecture)
— Alexander Fleming (Microbiologist and Nobel Laureate)
"When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic... But I suppose that was exactly what I did."

The Grammar of Anarchy ('Constituent Assembly Debates Final Speech')
— B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India)
"If we wish to maintain democracy not merely in form, but also in fact, what must we do? The first thing in my judgment we must do is to hold fast to constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic objectives."

Tenth Year Speech (10. Yıl Nutku)
— Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Founder and President of the Republic of Turkey)
"How happy is the one who says, 'I am a Turk!' ('Ne mutlu Türk'üm diyene!')"

Statement on the Articles of Impeachment
— Barbara Jordan (U.S. Representative from Texas)
"My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution."

The Internet Tidal Wave
— Bill Gates (Co-Founder and CEO of Microsoft)
"The Internet is a tidal wave. It changes the rules. It is the most important single development to come along since the IBM PC was introduced in 1981."

Be Water, My Friend
— Bruce Lee (Martial Artist, Philosopher and Actor)
"Empty your mind, be formless, shapeless—like water."

The Burden of Skepticism
— Carl Sagan (Astronomer, Astrophysicist and Author)
"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."

Address to the Commonwealth Club of California
— Cesar Chavez (Labor Leader & Civil Rights Activist)
"Once social change begins, it cannot be reversed. You cannot uneducate the person who has learned to read."

The Psychology of Human Misjudgment
— Charlie Munger (Vice Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway & Investor)
"Show me the incentive and I'll show you the outcome."

Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat
— Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat."

Their Finest Hour
— Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say: 'This was their finest hour.'"

We Shall Fight on the Beaches
— Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."

In Defense of France and the Peace of Versailles
— Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister of France)
"It is much easier to make war than to make peace."

Appeal of 18 June
— Charles de Gaulle (Leader of Free France & General)
"Has the last word been said? Must hope disappear? Is defeat final? No! Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished."

Emancipate the Mind, Seeking Truth from Facts
— Deng Xiaoping (Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China)
"Seeking truth from facts is the baseline of Marxist ideology."

The Rainbow People of God
— Desmond Tutu (Archbishop of Cape Town & Nobel Peace Laureate)
"We are the Rainbow People of God! We are free, all of us, Black and white together!"

A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect ('The Mother of All Demos')
— Douglas Engelbart (Computer Scientist & Inventor)
"If in your office you, as an intellectual worker, were supplied with a computer display backed up by a computer that was alive for you all day... how much value could you derive?"

Military-Industrial Complex Farewell Address
— Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th President of the United States)
"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex."

The Struggle for Human Rights
— Eleanor Roosevelt (First Lady of the U.S. & Chair of UN Human Rights Commission)
"Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home."

The Plan de Ayala ('Land and Liberty Manifesto')
— Emiliano Zapata (General of the Liberation Army of the South)
"Tierra y Libertad! (Land and Liberty!)"

The Jewel Voice Broadcast (Gyokuon-hōsō)
— Emperor Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)
"We have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is unsufferable."

The Arsenal of Democracy
— Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd President of the United States)
"We must be the great arsenal of democracy. For us this is an emergency as serious as war itself."

First Inaugural Address
— Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd President of the United States)
"Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."

Day of Infamy Speech
— Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd President of the United States)
"Yesterday, December 7th, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked."

The Quarantine Speech
— Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd President of the United States)
"When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease."

The Marshall Plan Speech
— George C. Marshall (U.S. Secretary of State)
"Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos."

Address to the International Council of Social Democratic Women
— Golda Meir (Prime Minister of Israel)
"Peace will come when the Arabs will love their children more than they hate us."

Address to the 43rd General Assembly of the United Nations
— Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union)
"Force or the threat of force can no longer and should no longer be an instrument of foreign policy."

A Nanosecond of Time (Future of Computing)
— Grace Hopper (Rear Admiral, US Navy and Computer Scientist)
"The most dangerous phrase in the language is, 'We've always done it this way.'"

Appeal to the League of Nations
— Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia)
"It is us today. It will be you tomorrow."

Address to Congress (The Truman Doctrine)
— Harry S. Truman (33rd President of the United States)
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

Declaration of Independence of Vietnam
— Ho Chi Minh (President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
"All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

Address on the Role of Educated Women in Nation Building
— Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India)
"To educate a man is to educate an individual; to educate a woman is to educate an entire family."

The Humanist View of Science and the Future
— Isaac Asimov (Biochemist, Author and Humanist)
"The cult of ignorance in the United States has been a constant strain, and there is a anti-intellectual thread winding its way through our political and cultural life."

Farewell Address to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists
— J. Robert Oppenheimer (Theoretical Physicist & Director of Manhattan Project)
"The people of this world must unite or they will perish."

Knowledge and Responsibility (The Ascent of Man)
— Jacob Bronowski (Mathematician, Historian of Science and Broadcaster)
"There is no absolute knowledge. And those who claim it, whether they are scientists or dogmatists, open the door to tragedy."

A Strategy of Peace (American University Commencement)
— John F. Kennedy (35th President of the United States)
"For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal."

Address at Rice University on the Space Effort
— John F. Kennedy (35th President of the United States)
"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard."

Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis
— John F. Kennedy (35th President of the United States)
"It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States."

1961 Presidential Inaugural Address
— John F. Kennedy (35th President of the United States)
"Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country."

Don't Give Up... Don't Ever Give Up (ESPY Address)
— Jim Valvano (College Basketball Coach and Broadcaster)
"Don't give up. Don't ever give up."

Address on Energy and the Crisis of Confidence
— Jimmy Carter (39th President of the United States)
"The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will."

Can We Survive Technology?
— John von Neumann (Mathematician, Physicist and Computer Pioneer)
"The present crisis is caused by an acceleration in technological progress outstripping human institutional development."

Announcement of the Polio Vaccine Victory ('There is No Patent')
— Jonas Salk (Virologist & Medical Researcher)
"There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?"

On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences ('The Secret Speech')
— Nikita Khrushchev (First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union)
"Stalin acted not through persuasion, explanation, and patient work with people, but by imposing his concepts and demanding absolute submission to his opinion."

Press Conference on Singapore's Separation from Malaysia
— Lee Kuan Yew (Prime Minister of Singapore)
"For me, it is a moment of anguish. All my life, my whole adult life, I have believed in merger and unity of the two territories."

The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution ('The April Theses')
— Vladimir Lenin (Bolshevik Leader & Revolutionary Strategist)
"All power to the Soviets! No support for the Provisional Government!"

It's Possible! (Georgia Dome Address)
— Les Brown (Motivational Speaker and Author)
"It's necessary to know that it is possible that you can choose your outcome."

Farewell to Baseball Address
— Lou Gehrig (First Baseman, New York Yankees)
"Fans, for the past two weeks you have been reading about a bad break. Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth."

Congolese Independence Speech
— Patrice Lumumba (First Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
"No Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it is by struggle that it has been won, a day-to-day struggle... a struggle in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering."

Old Soldiers Never Die
— Douglas MacArthur (General of the Army)
"Old soldiers never die; they just fade away."

The Ballot or the Bullet
— Malcolm X (Civil Rights & Human Rights Activist)
"It's gotta be the ballot or the bullet. If we don't cast a ballot, then we're going to have to be casting a bullet."

The Lady's Not for Turning
— Margaret Thatcher (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"U-turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning!"

The Discovery of Radium
— Marie Curie (Physicist, Chemist & Two-Time Nobel Laureate)
"Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."

The Genesis and Present State of Development of the Quantum Theory
— Max Planck (Theoretical Physicist and Nobel Laureate)
"An new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it."

I Have a Dream
— Martin Luther King Jr. (Civil Rights Leader & Minister)
"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."

Speech at Benares Hindu University
— Mahatma Gandhi (Leader of Indian Independence Movement)
"There is no salvation for India unless you strip yourselves of this jewelry and hold it in trust for your countrymen in India."

One Small Step Speech
— Neil Armstrong (NASA Astronaut & Commander of Apollo 11)
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

1994 Presidential Inaugural Address
— Nelson Mandela (First Black President of South Africa)
"Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another."

I Am Prepared to Die (Rivonia Trial)
— Nelson Mandela (Anti-Apartheid Leader & Future President of South Africa)
"I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."

Peace for Our Time
— Neville Chamberlain (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"My good friends, this is the second time in our history that there has come back from Germany to Downing Street peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time."

The Green Revolution, Peace, and Humanity (Nobel Lecture)
— Norman Borlaug (Agronomist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate)
"Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world."

Address to the Third Army
— General George S. Patton (Commander, U.S. Third Army)
"Americans love a winner and will not tolerate a loser. Americans play to win all the time."

Acceptance Speech for Silent Spring (National Book Award)
— Rachel Carson (Marine Biologist and Environmentalist)
"The balance of nature is not a status quo; it is a fluid, ever-shifting condition."

Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
— Robert F. Kennedy (U.S. Senator & Presidential Candidate)
"What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence or lawlessness; but love and wisdom."

Cargo Cult Science (Caltech Commencement)
— Richard Feynman (Theoretical Physicist and Nobel Laureate)
"The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool."

There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
— Richard Feynman (Nobel Laureate in Physics)
"The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom."

Presidential Resignation Address
— Richard Nixon (37th President of the United States)
"I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow."

Opening Statement before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
— Robert H. Jackson (Chief U.S. Prosecutor at Nuremberg & U.S. Supreme Court Justice)
"That four great nations, flushed with victory and stung with injury, stay the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the judgment of the law is one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason."

Address at the Brandenburg Gate (Tear Down This Wall)
— Ronald Reagan (40th President of the United States)
"General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe... Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"

X-Ray Diffraction and the Architecture of Viruses
— Rosalind Franklin (Physical Chemist and X-Ray Crystallographer)
"Science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated."

Equal Rights for Women
— Shirley Chisholm (U.S. Representative (New York) & First African American Congresswoman)
"Prejudice against women in this country is subtle, pervasive, and institutionalized."

A World Split Apart ('The Harvard Commencement Address')
— Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Nobel Laureate in Literature & Soviet Dissident)
"A decline in courage may be the most striking feature which an outside observer notices in the West in our days."

The Three Principles of the People (San Min Chu I)
— Sun Yat-sen (Father of Modern China & Provisional President)
"The Three Principles of the People are the principles for our national salvation."

Y'all Better Quiet Down
— Sylvia Rivera (LGBTQ+ Rights Activist & Veteran of Stonewall)
"Y'all better quiet down! I have been to jail. I have been beaten. I have lost my job. I have lost my apartment for gay liberation."

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick
— Theodore Roosevelt (Vice President / 26th President of the United States)
"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."

Citizenship in a Republic (The Man in the Arena)
— Theodore Roosevelt (26th President of the United States)
"It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena..."

1990 New Year's Address to the Nation
— Václav Havel (President of Czechoslovakia)
"For forty years you heard from my predecessors on this day... how our country was flourishing. I assume you did not propose me to this office so that I, too, should lie to you."

Meaning in Suffering and Resilience
— Viktor Frankl (Austrian Neurologist, Psychiatrist and Holocaust Survivor)
"Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances."

Address to the Occupied Netherlands (Radio Oranje)
— Queen Wilhelmina (Queen of the Netherlands)
"Do not lose faith in the ultimate victory of our righteous cause."

The Sinews of Peace (The Iron Curtain Speech)
— Winston Churchill (Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."

The Fourteen Points Address
— Woodrow Wilson (28th President of the United States)
"The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this."